Kronos was the titan of the universe and because of that the Greeks and Romans named the planets after the names of Greek and Roman gods and some titans.
Mercury is Roman for Hermes the messenger god.
Venus is Roman for Aphrodite the goddess of love and beauty.
Earth is not named after any god or goddess.
Mars is Roman for Ares the god of war.
Jupiter is Roman for Zeus the god of lightning and the sky and the king of gods
Saturn is Roman for Kronos the titan of the universe and the king of titans.
Uranus was the first ruler of the sky and husband of Gaea.
Neptune is Roman for Poseidon the god of the sea.
The next 3 are dwarf planets.
Pluto is Roman for Hades the god of the Underworld.
Ceres is Roman for Demeter the goddess of agriculture.
Last is Eris. But I don't know who it is named after. It might be named after a minor god. (there are about 200 of those)
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